Academic Vocabulary Exercise

Answers

1. Corroborating the dates recorded in the official archive, the newly discovered correspondence reduced concern that the chronology had been reconstructed retrospectively.
2. Because the sampling frame excluded rural schools and no invariance analysis was conducted, the findings should not be generalised beyond urban populations.
3. Rather than dismissing the two results as inconsistent, the review seeks to reconcile them by demonstrating that they concern different populations.
4. Pending direct evidence for the mechanism, the authors posit that changes in reporting practices produced the apparent trend.
5. Before collecting data, the team had to operationalise “social cohesion” by mapping the abstract construct onto observable indicators.
6. Although the evidence supports the central argument, the low response rate qualifies the conclusion by narrowing the population to which it can defensibly apply.
7. Pre-existing household income, which may independently influence both educational choice and later earnings, is treated as a potential confounding variable.
8. Although the report never explicitly claims that causation has been established, its repeated use of “led to” appears to imply precisely that conclusion.
9. Although the estimated effect is statistically significant at p < .01, its magnitude is too small to be substantively significant for policy.
10. The authors acknowledge that their mutually exclusive coding categories may obscure culturally specific distinctions by collapsing nuanced responses into broad groups.
11. The model’s predictions depend on boundary conditions stipulated a priori rather than established empirically.
12. By synthesising estimates from several small studies, the meta-analysis aims to derive a more precise pooled effect.