Choose the nominalisation that best completes each academic sentence.
1Because the committee had concluded that the evidence was insufficient, its ............... was a deliberate judgement rather than an administrative oversight.
Wrong!
The committee's deliberate decision not to approve the application is a "refusal to approve the application"; "failure" could instead imply an unintended omission or inability.
2Despite sending three reminders, the survey team recorded ............... rather than assuming that those individuals had declined to participate.
Wrong!
Because silence does not establish a deliberate decision, "non-response from 42 invitees" accurately reports only the observable outcome.
3The underpowered study does not demonstrate that the intervention was ineffective; it establishes only a ............... with the available sample.
Wrong!
Given the study's limited statistical power, "failure to detect an effect" reports an inconclusive result without claiming that no effect exists.
4Although the law had been formally adopted nationwide, its ............... depended on whether local authorities could recruit and train sufficient staff.
Wrong!
The law had already been adopted, whereas "implementation" refers to putting it into operation through training and administrative capacity.
5Because a prespecified rule required ineligible records to be removed before outcomes were examined, the authors documented the ............... rather than treating their disappearance as accidental.
Wrong!
Removal under a prespecified eligibility rule is the deliberate "exclusion of those records", not an accidental omission.
6No settings were altered: the ............... against a certified standard merely established the relationship between the instrument's readings and known values.
Wrong!
Comparison with a certified standard constitutes "calibration of the instrument"; adjustment would involve altering its settings.
7The committee required confidential ............... before appointing reviewers, but it did not make the declarations publicly available.
Wrong!
Confidential declarations to an authorised committee constitute "disclosure of financial interests", whereas publication would make them publicly available.
8The coefficient was computed correctly, but because its sign changes when the reference category is altered, the ............... still requires particular caution.
Wrong!
The calculation is already correct; "interpretation of its substantive meaning" concerns what the coefficient implies under a changing reference category.
9Bank records show that someone transferred the funds, but they do not identify the witness; the witness's ............... is therefore consistent with the documentary evidence.
Wrong!
The evidence confirms that a transfer occurred but not who made it, so "denial of having made the transfer" remains compatible with the records.
10The board approved two of the three proposals, so the minutes accurately record its ...............; they do not imply that every proposal was rejected.
Wrong!
Because two proposals were approved, "failure to approve all three proposals" correctly means that not every proposal was approved.
11Several rural clinics have begun using the recommendations, but because none participated in the study, the ............... remains uncertain.
Wrong!
Actual use is already occurring, but "applicability of the findings to rural clinics" concerns whether the findings validly extend to that setting.
12No participant was assigned to lead, and roles shifted spontaneously; the analysis therefore examines the ............... within the group.
Wrong!
Because leadership developed spontaneously without deliberate design, "emergence of informal leadership" expresses the gradual appearance of the pattern.
Exercise complete
0 out of 12
correct answers
Answers
- Because the committee had concluded that the evidence was insufficient, its refusal to approve the application was a deliberate judgement rather than an administrative oversight.
- Despite sending three reminders, the survey team recorded non-response from 42 invitees rather than assuming that those individuals had declined to participate.
- The underpowered study does not demonstrate that the intervention was ineffective; it establishes only a failure to detect an effect with the available sample.
- Although the law had been formally adopted nationwide, its implementation depended on whether local authorities could recruit and train sufficient staff.
- Because a prespecified rule required ineligible records to be removed before outcomes were examined, the authors documented the exclusion of those records rather than treating their disappearance as accidental.
- No settings were altered: the calibration of the instrument against a certified standard merely established the relationship between the instrument’s readings and known values.
- The committee required confidential disclosure of financial interests before appointing reviewers, but it did not make the declarations publicly available.
- The coefficient was computed correctly, but because its sign changes when the reference category is altered, the interpretation of its substantive meaning still requires particular caution.
- Bank records show that someone transferred the funds, but they do not identify the witness; the witness’s denial of having made the transfer is therefore consistent with the documentary evidence.
- The board approved two of the three proposals, so the minutes accurately record its failure to approve all three proposals; they do not imply that every proposal was rejected.
- Several rural clinics have begun using the recommendations, but because none participated in the study, the applicability of the findings to rural clinics remains uncertain.
- No participant was assigned to lead, and roles shifted spontaneously; the analysis therefore examines the emergence of informal leadership within the group.