Complete the 12 sentences below. Choose the best answer for each one.
1The observed association between sleep disruption and attrition ............... that timing may be a relevant confounder.
Wrong!
"suggests" is correct because an observational association supports a cautious interpretation, not definitive proof of causation.
2In the English version, the policy term was ............... as “community-led commissioning” rather than “local outsourcing”.
Wrong!
"rendered" is correct because in translation it means expressed or translated as a particular term.
3The phrase reads like a ............... because it preserves the source language’s noun stack instead of idiomatic English syntax.
Wrong!
"calque" is correct because it names a literal translation that imports the structure of the source language.
4The team used a previously ............... Spanish version of the depression questionnaire.
Wrong!
"validated" is correct because a questionnaire that has already been tested and approved for use in a language is a validated instrument.
5The regression models ............... age, baseline severity and recruitment site.
Wrong!
"adjusted for" is correct because regression models statistically control for covariates such as age and baseline severity.
6From these convergent datasets, we can ............... that the intervention affected uptake primarily through trust.
Wrong!
"infer" is correct because researchers infer conclusions from data; statements or findings may imply them.
7Because the sample excluded rural sites, the findings may not be ............... beyond the original urban clinics.
Wrong!
"generalisable" is correct because the sentence concerns whether findings apply beyond the original sample.
8The estimate was ............... at the 5% level, but the absolute reduction was clinically trivial.
Wrong!
"statistically significant" is correct because the confidence interval excluding zero is a statistical-significance cue, even when the effect is small.
9Baseline literacy was treated as a ............... because the intervention effect differed sharply between high- and low-literacy participants.
Wrong!
"moderator" is correct because different effect sizes by baseline literacy indicate that the variable changes the strength of the intervention effect.
10To strengthen the explanatory account, the authors ............... interview data with attendance records and classroom observations.
Wrong!
"triangulate" is correct because the sentence describes using interviews, records and observations together to strengthen an interpretation.
11A literal translation of “neighbourhood ties” may be consistent across respondents yet still not be a ............... measure of social capital in this setting.
Wrong!
"valid" is correct because the problem is whether the indicator measures the intended construct, not whether it is consistent.
12Rather than preserve the snow-shovelling example, the translators decided to ............... the vignette for participants in a tropical region.
Wrong!
"culturally adapt" is correct because replacing an unfamiliar example with a locally equivalent one preserves function across contexts.
Exercise complete
0 out of 12
correct answers
Answers
- The observed association between sleep disruption and attrition suggests that timing may be a relevant confounder.
- In the English version, the policy term was rendered as “community-led commissioning” rather than “local outsourcing”.
- The phrase reads like a calque because it preserves the source language’s noun stack instead of idiomatic English syntax.
- The team used a previously validated Spanish version of the depression questionnaire.
- The regression models adjusted for age, baseline severity and recruitment site.
- From these convergent datasets, we can infer that the intervention affected uptake primarily through trust.
- Because the sample excluded rural sites, the findings may not be generalisable beyond the original urban clinics.
- The estimate was statistically significant at the 5% level, but the absolute reduction was clinically trivial.
- Baseline literacy was treated as a moderator because the intervention effect differed sharply between high- and low-literacy participants.
- To strengthen the explanatory account, the authors triangulate interview data with attendance records and classroom observations.
- A literal translation of “neighbourhood ties” may be consistent across respondents yet still not be a valid measure of social capital in this setting.
- Rather than preserve the snow-shovelling example, the translators decided to culturally adapt the vignette for participants in a tropical region.