| No. | Item | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | advocacy | public support by argument |
| 2. | affirmation | a positive assertion |
| 3. | altercation | a heated verbal argument |
| 4. | analysis | careful reasoning about something |
| 5. | apologia | a formal written defense |
| 6. | appeal | an earnest request or argument |
| 7. | argument | a reasoned set of claims |
| 8. | articulation | clear expression of thought |
| 9. | assertion | a confident statement of belief |
| 10. | averment | a formal assertion of fact |
| 11. | back-and-forth | repeated exchange of arguments |
| 12. | backing | supporting evidence or help |
| 13. | basis | underlying support or reason |
| 14. | bickering | petty repeated arguing |
| 15. | brief | a concise written argument |
| 16. | case | a set of supporting arguments |
| 17. | casuistry | subtle but questionable reasoning |
| 18. | cavil | petty objection or criticism |
| 19. | challenge | an objection demanding defense |
| 20. | claim | a statement asserted as true |
| 21. | contention | assertive argument or claim |
| 22. | controversy | public disagreement with arguments |
| 23. | counterargument | an argument opposing another |
| 24. | critique | reasoned evaluation or criticism |
| 25. | debate | formal or informal argumentative discussion |
| 26. | deduction | reasoning from general principles |
| 27. | defense | arguments supporting a position |
| 28. | deliberation | careful discussion before deciding |
| 29. | demonstration | reasoning that proves a point |
| 30. | demurral | an expression of doubt or objection |
| 31. | dialectic | reasoned debate between viewpoints |
| 32. | discourse | serious spoken or written discussion |
| 33. | disputation | a formal argumentative discussion |
| 34. | dispute | a disagreement involving argument |
| 35. | elucidation | clear explanation or clarification |
| 36. | eristic | argument aimed at winning |
| 37. | essay | a short analytical composition |
| 38. | exchange | a back-and-forth discussion |
| 39. | explanation | reasoning that makes something clear |
| 40. | explication | detailed explanation of meaning |
| 41. | exposition | systematic explanation of ideas |
| 42. | forensics | the art of debate |
| 43. | formulation | a particular wording of ideas |
| 44. | foundation | supporting basis for a claim |
| 45. | framing | the way something is presented |
| 46. | give-and-take | mutual exchange in discussion |
| 47. | grounds | reasons forming a basis |
| 48. | hearing | formal session for arguments |
| 49. | induction | reasoning from specific cases |
| 50. | inference | a conclusion drawn from evidence |
| 51. | interpretation | an explanatory account of meaning |
| 52. | justification | reasoning offered in support |
| 53. | line of reasoning | a connected chain of thought |
| 54. | logic | reasoning used to support conclusions |
| 55. | logical case | argument based on logic |
| 56. | objection | a reason for opposing |
| 57. | opinion | a personal belief or judgment |
| 58. | opposition | resistance expressed in argument |
| 59. | persuasion | the act of convincing |
| 60. | plea | an earnest supporting argument |
| 61. | pleading | earnest argument in support |
| 62. | polemic | strong verbal or written argument |
| 63. | position | a standpoint supported by reasons |
| 64. | premise | a supporting statement in reasoning |
| 65. | presentation | organized delivery of arguments |
| 66. | proof | evidence or reasoning establishing truth |
| 67. | proposition | a statement put forward |
| 68. | pushback | resistance or objection |
| 69. | quarrel | an angry argument |
| 70. | ratiocination | formal logical reasoning |
| 71. | rationale | the reasoning behind something |
| 72. | reasoned case | carefully supported argument |
| 73. | reasoned defense | carefully argued support |
| 74. | reasoning | the process of forming arguments |
| 75. | rebuttal | an argument against a claim |
| 76. | refutation | proof that something is wrong |
| 77. | remonstrance | earnest protest or objection |
| 78. | reply | an answer to an argument |
| 79. | sophistry | clever but misleading argument |
| 80. | sparring | light verbal arguing |
| 81. | spin | a slanted presentation |
| 82. | squabble | a petty argument |
| 83. | stance | a publicly expressed position |
| 84. | submission | a formal argument presented |
| 85. | substantiation | support with evidence or reasons |
| 86. | support | helping evidence or reasons |
| 87. | syllogism | a formal logical argument |
| 88. | take | a particular opinion or interpretation |
| 89. | testimony | spoken or written evidence |
| 90. | thesis | a proposition maintained by argument |
| 91. | tract | a short argumentative writing |
| 92. | treatise | a formal written discussion |
| 93. | validation | confirmation of soundness |
| 94. | verbal sparring | light argumentative exchange |
| 95. | verification | proof of truth or accuracy |
| 96. | view | an opinion or perspective |
| 97. | viewpoint | a particular way of seeing |
| 98. | vindication | proof or defense of correctness |
| 99. | warrant | justifying reason or authority |
| 100. | wrangle | a prolonged argument or dispute |
