CEFR B2; focus: past participle clauses used to reduce passive relative, adverbial, and supplementive clauses.
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Why “hair of the dog” means a drink after drinking
“Hair of the dog” means alcohol used to ease a hangover. Its strange wording comes from an older cure for a dog bite.
Where “all that glitters is not gold” comes from
This well known saying warns that appearances can deceive. Its roots are older than Shakespeare, though he helped make it famous.
Relative Clause Reduction Review Exercise
CEFR C1; focus: relative clause reduction, including active and passive participles, perfect participles, adjective/prepositional reductions, appositive noun phrases, and cases where reduction is not licensed.
When explode meant to clap a performer off the stage
“Explode” once meant driving a performer offstage with noisy disapproval. Its modern sense of bursting came later.