| No. | Term | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | abacus | Ancient counting device. |
| 2. | abolition | Ending slavery by law. |
| 3. | archive | Stored historical records. |
| 4. | artifact | Object made by past people. |
| 5. | autobiography | Life story written by self. |
| 6. | bastion | Fortified defensive structure. |
| 7. | battlefield | Place where armies fought. |
| 8. | biography | Life story written by another. |
| 9. | bronze age | Era of widespread bronze tools. |
| 10. | census | Official population count. |
| 11. | chronicle | Continuous record of events. |
| 12. | civilization | Complex society with institutions. |
| 13. | codex | Ancient bound manuscript book. |
| 14. | colony | Settlement ruled by another country. |
| 15. | constitution | Founding rules of a state. |
| 16. | diplomacy | Managing relations between states. |
| 17. | dynasty | Line of hereditary rulers. |
| 18. | edict | Official public decree. |
| 19. | empire | State ruling many territories. |
| 20. | enlightenment | Movement emphasizing reason and rights. |
| 21. | epidemic | Widespread disease outbreak. |
| 22. | feudalism | Medieval system of lords and vassals. |
| 23. | fief | Land granted for service. |
| 24. | fortification | Defensive military construction. |
| 25. | frontier | Borderland between settled areas. |
| 26. | genealogy | Study of family ancestry. |
| 27. | gladiator | Ancient arena combat fighter. |
| 28. | gold standard | Currency backed by gold reserves. |
| 29. | guild | Association of skilled workers. |
| 30. | gutenberg press | Early movable-type printing press. |
| 31. | hieroglyphs | Ancient Egyptian picture writing. |
| 32. | historiography | Study of historical writing methods. |
| 33. | homestead | Settler’s farm and dwelling. |
| 34. | humanism | Renaissance focus on classical learning. |
| 35. | imperialism | Extending control over other lands. |
| 36. | industrial revolution | Shift to machine-based production. |
| 37. | inscription | Writing carved on a surface. |
| 38. | joust | Medieval knightly tournament combat. |
| 39. | jurisdiction | Authority to make legal decisions. |
| 40. | justice system | Institutions enforcing laws and trials. |
| 41. | kingdom | State ruled by a king or queen. |
| 42. | knighthood | Status and duties of a knight. |
| 43. | labor movement | Organized effort for workers’ rights. |
| 44. | landmark | Notable site of historical importance. |
| 45. | league | Alliance of states or groups. |
| 46. | manifest destiny | Belief in U.S. westward expansion. |
| 47. | manuscript | Handwritten document. |
| 48. | martyrdom | Dying for a cause or faith. |
| 49. | medieval | Relating to the Middle Ages. |
| 50. | migration | Movement of people to new areas. |
| 51. | monarchy | Government led by a royal ruler. |
| 52. | monument | Structure commemorating people or events. |
| 53. | nationalism | Strong loyalty to a nation. |
| 54. | naval warfare | Combat between forces at sea. |
| 55. | neolithic | Late Stone Age farming period. |
| 56. | occupation | Military control of a territory. |
| 57. | oral tradition | Stories passed by spoken word. |
| 58. | paleolithic | Early Stone Age hunter period. |
| 59. | parchment | Writing material made from animal skin. |
| 60. | parliament | Legislative assembly of representatives. |
| 61. | patriot | Person devoted to their country. |
| 62. | peace treaty | Agreement ending a conflict. |
| 63. | plague | Deadly infectious disease outbreak. |
| 64. | primary source | Direct evidence from the time. |
| 65. | propaganda | Biased information to influence opinion. |
| 66. | protest | Public expression of disagreement. |
| 67. | reformation | Religious movement reshaping Christianity. |
| 68. | relic | Surviving object from the past. |
| 69. | renaissance | Revival of arts and learning. |
| 70. | republic | State governed by elected leaders. |
| 71. | revolution | Rapid, major political change. |
| 72. | saga | Long story of heroic events. |
| 73. | scribe | Professional writer of documents. |
| 74. | secondary source | Interpretation of past events. |
| 75. | siege | Surrounding a place to capture it. |
| 76. | slavery | Forced labor and ownership of people. |
| 77. | sovereignty | Supreme authority of a state. |
| 78. | stamp act | British tax on American paper goods. |
| 79. | stone age | Era of stone tools. |
| 80. | suffrage | Right to vote. |
| 81. | summit | Meeting of top leaders. |
| 82. | tapestry | Woven cloth depicting scenes. |
| 83. | taxation | Raising money through compulsory payments. |
| 84. | temple | Building for religious worship. |
| 85. | timeline | Ordered sequence of events. |
| 86. | trade route | Path used for commerce. |
| 87. | treaty | Formal agreement between states. |
| 88. | tribe | Social group with shared ancestry. |
| 89. | uprising | Revolt against authority. |
| 90. | urbanization | Growth of cities and city life. |
| 91. | vassal | Subordinate owing service to a lord. |
| 92. | victory | Success in battle or conflict. |
| 93. | viking age | Era of Norse exploration and raids. |
| 94. | war crimes | Serious violations of war laws. |
| 95. | warfare | Conduct of war and fighting. |
| 96. | weapons cache | Hidden store of weapons. |
| 97. | western front | WWI battlefield in Western Europe. |
| 98. | xenophobia | Fear or hatred of foreigners. |
| 99. | xerography | Dry copying; modern document reproduction. |
| 100. | yearbook | Annual record of events and people. |