| No. | Item | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | a significant relationship | an important association |
| 2. | address a gap | deal with a missing area |
| 3. | adopt an approach | use a particular method |
| 4. | advance an argument | develop a reasoned claim |
| 5. | an open question | an unresolved issue |
| 6. | assess the impact | evaluate the effect |
| 7. | be associated with | be linked to |
| 8. | be consistent with | agree with |
| 9. | build on prior work | develop earlier research |
| 10. | by contrast | in comparison |
| 11. | carry out a study | perform a research project |
| 12. | conduct research | do a study systematically |
| 13. | draw a conclusion | reach a final judgment |
| 14. | draw on | use as a source |
| 15. | elucidate the mechanism | clarify how it works |
| 16. | establish a framework | create a structure |
| 17. | evaluate the effectiveness | judge how well it works |
| 18. | examine the role of | study the function of |
| 19. | generate insights | produce useful understanding |
| 20. | in light of | considering |
| 21. | in this paper, we argue | the authors claim |
| 22. | justify the use of | explain why it is used |
| 23. | offer an explanation | provide a reason |
| 24. | on the basis of | using as support |
| 25. | outline the implications | summarize the consequences |
| 26. | previous research has shown | earlier studies found |
| 27. | the aim of this study | purpose of the research |
| 28. | the analysis confirms | examination verifies |
| 29. | the analysis demonstrates | examination clearly shows |
| 30. | the analysis focuses on | examination concentrates on |
| 31. | the analysis highlights | examination emphasizes |
| 32. | the analysis indicates | examination suggests |
| 33. | the analysis is based on | examination relies on |
| 34. | the analysis shows | examination demonstrates |
| 35. | the analysis suggests | examination points to |
| 36. | the data confirm | information verifies |
| 37. | the data demonstrate | information clearly shows |
| 38. | the data imply | information suggests indirectly |
| 39. | the data indicate | information points to |
| 40. | the data reveal | information uncovers |
| 41. | the data show that | information demonstrates that |
| 42. | the data suggest that | information indicates that |
| 43. | the data support | information backs up |
| 44. | the data were collected | information was gathered |
| 45. | the evidence confirms | proof verifies |
| 46. | the evidence indicates | proof points to |
| 47. | the evidence is limited | proof is insufficient |
| 48. | the evidence is mixed | proof is conflicting |
| 49. | the evidence reveals | proof uncovers |
| 50. | the evidence shows | proof demonstrates |
| 51. | the evidence suggests | proof indicates something |
| 52. | the evidence supports | proof backs a claim |
| 53. | the findings are based on | results rely on |
| 54. | the findings are consistent | results match expectations |
| 55. | the findings are presented | results are shown |
| 56. | the findings confirm | results verify |
| 57. | the findings demonstrate | results clearly show |
| 58. | the findings indicate | results point to |
| 59. | the findings reveal | results make clear |
| 60. | the findings suggest | results indicate something |
| 61. | the findings support | results back a claim |
| 62. | the literature suggests | published research indicates |
| 63. | the paper argues that | article claims that |
| 64. | the paper concludes that | article ends by stating |
| 65. | the paper discusses | article considers |
| 66. | the paper is organized | article structure is arranged |
| 67. | the paper outlines | article summarizes structure |
| 68. | the paper presents | article provides |
| 69. | the paper reports | article states findings |
| 70. | the paper reviews | article surveys literature |
| 71. | the present study | the current research |
| 72. | the purpose of this paper | main goal of article |
| 73. | the results are consistent | outcomes are in agreement |
| 74. | the results confirm | outcomes verify |
| 75. | the results demonstrate | outcomes clearly show |
| 76. | the results highlight | outcomes emphasize |
| 77. | the results imply | outcomes suggest indirectly |
| 78. | the results indicate | outcomes show or imply |
| 79. | the results reveal | outcomes make visible |
| 80. | the results show that | outcomes demonstrate that |
| 81. | the results support | findings back up |
| 82. | the results underscore | outcomes strongly emphasize |
| 83. | the study addresses | research deals with |
| 84. | the study aims to | research intends to |
| 85. | the study compares | research contrasts |
| 86. | the study considers | research examines |
| 87. | the study contributes to | research adds to |
| 88. | the study evaluates | research assesses |
| 89. | the study focuses on | research concentrates on |
| 90. | the study found that | research discovered that |
| 91. | the study identifies | research finds |
| 92. | the study proposes | research puts forward |
| 93. | the study seeks to | research tries to |
| 94. | this paper explores | the article investigates |
| 95. | this study examines | the paper investigates |
| 96. | this study investigates | this research examines |
| 97. | underlying assumption | basic belief beneath argument |
| 98. | unresolved issue | problem not yet settled |
| 99. | use a framework | apply an analytical structure |
| 100. | yield valuable insights | produce useful understanding |
