| No. | Term | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | actuality | real existence or fact |
| 2. | affair | event or situation of importance |
| 3. | angle | particular way of viewing something |
| 4. | applicability | fitness to apply to a case |
| 5. | aspect | particular part or feature |
| 6. | atmosphere | overall mood or feeling |
| 7. | background | relevant past or setting |
| 8. | basis | foundation for an argument |
| 9. | bearing | relevance or influence on outcome |
| 10. | bone of contention | source of dispute |
| 11. | bottom line | most important conclusion |
| 12. | business | something to deal with |
| 13. | case | instance to be considered |
| 14. | component | part that makes up a whole |
| 15. | concern | something that worries or affects you |
| 16. | consequence | resulting effect or importance |
| 17. | consideration | factor taken into account |
| 18. | content | what something contains or is about |
| 19. | debate | formal discussion of an issue |
| 20. | detail | small specific piece of information |
| 21. | dimension | measurable aspect or scope |
| 22. | discussion | talk about a topic |
| 23. | dispute | argument or disagreement |
| 24. | drift | general meaning or tendency |
| 25. | effect | result produced by a cause |
| 26. | element | essential part of something |
| 27. | end | aim or intended result |
| 28. | environment | surrounding conditions |
| 29. | essence | most important quality or nature |
| 30. | explanation | account that makes something clear |
| 31. | facet | one side of a subject |
| 32. | fact | something known to be true |
| 33. | factor | one element contributing to a result |
| 34. | foundation | underlying basis or support |
| 35. | gist | main idea or essence |
| 36. | goal | desired result or aim |
| 37. | grounds | basis for belief or action |
| 38. | happening | event or occurrence |
| 39. | heart | central part or meaning |
| 40. | hindrance | thing that makes progress difficult |
| 41. | hitch | small problem or delay |
| 42. | impact | strong effect or influence |
| 43. | implication | suggested meaning or effect |
| 44. | import | significance or meaning |
| 45. | importance | the quality of being important |
| 46. | influence | power to affect something |
| 47. | ingredient | one element in a mix |
| 48. | intent | intended purpose or aim |
| 49. | intention | plan or aim to do something |
| 50. | issue | topic needing attention or decision |
| 51. | justification | reason that makes something acceptable |
| 52. | kernel | central idea or essence |
| 53. | key point | most important point |
| 54. | main thing | most important consideration |
| 55. | material | substance used or considered |
| 56. | meaning | what something signifies |
| 57. | mess | confusing or difficult situation |
| 58. | milieu | social environment or setting |
| 59. | moment | importance in a situation |
| 60. | mood | prevailing feeling or tone |
| 61. | negotiation | discussion to reach agreement |
| 62. | nub | essential point of something |
| 63. | objective | goal to be achieved |
| 64. | obstacle | thing that blocks progress |
| 65. | occurrence | event that happens |
| 66. | outcome | final effect or result |
| 67. | part | a portion of a whole |
| 68. | particular | specific detail or item |
| 69. | pertinence | direct relevance to the matter |
| 70. | point | particular detail or argument |
| 71. | portion | a part of something |
| 72. | problem | difficulty needing a solution |
| 73. | quandary | state of uncertainty or doubt |
| 74. | question | point requiring an answer |
| 75. | ramification | complex consequence of an action |
| 76. | rationale | reasoning behind a decision |
| 77. | reality | the actual state of things |
| 78. | reason | cause or explanation |
| 79. | relevance | connection to the subject |
| 80. | result | outcome of an action or process |
| 81. | side | one aspect of an issue |
| 82. | significance | importance or meaning |
| 83. | sticking point | main obstacle in agreement |
| 84. | stuff | material or unspecified things |
| 85. | subject | topic being discussed or studied |
| 86. | substance | physical material; essential content |
| 87. | the fact is | the reality is |
| 88. | the point | the essential meaning |
| 89. | the thing is | the key point is |
| 90. | thing | an unspecified object or issue |
| 91. | topic | theme under discussion |
| 92. | truth | what is true or real |
| 93. | underlying issue | the real problem beneath |
| 94. | undertaking | a task or project to do |
| 95. | upshot | final result or outcome |
| 96. | urgency | pressing importance right now |
| 97. | use | practical value or purpose |
| 98. | utility | usefulness; practical value |
| 99. | validity | soundness; being well-founded |
| 100. | weight | importance or influence |
Present Perfect with “For” and “Since” Exercise
Complete the 12 sentences below. Choose the best answer for each one.
1I have lived in this apartment ............... 2019.
Wrong!
Use "since" with a specific starting point in time such as 2019.
2She has worked at the hospital ............... five years.
Wrong!
Use "for" with a length of time such as five years.
3We have known each other ............... we were children.
Wrong!
Use "since" before the time or event when a continuing situation started.
4My brother has had his car ............... two months.
Wrong!
Use "for" with a period of time such as two months.
5They have been on holiday ............... last Friday.
Wrong!
Use "since" with a specific starting time such as last Friday.
6I haven't seen Maria ............... a long time.
Wrong!
Use "for" with a duration such as a long time.
7He has studied English ............... he moved to London.
Wrong!
Use "since" before the event that marks when a continuing situation started.
8Our teacher has taught at this school ............... ten years.
Wrong!
Use "for" with a length of time such as ten years.
9I have worn glasses ............... I was twelve.
Wrong!
Use "since" before a past time that marks the start of a continuing situation.
10The shop has been closed ............... three days.
Wrong!
Use "for" with a time period such as three days.
11She has been very busy ............... the beginning of the month.
Wrong!
Use "since" with a starting point such as the beginning of the month.
12We have waited for the bus ............... half an hour.
Wrong!
Use "for" with a length of time such as half an hour.
Answers
- I have lived in this apartment since 2019.
- She has worked at the hospital for five years.
- We have known each other since we were children.
- My brother has had his car for two months.
- They have been on holiday since last Friday.
- I haven’t seen Maria for a long time.
- He has studied English since he moved to London.
- Our teacher has taught at this school for ten years.
- I have worn glasses since I was twelve.
- The shop has been closed for three days.
- She has been very busy since the beginning of the month.
- We have waited for the bus for half an hour.
100 Nautical Idioms Still Used Today
| No. | Item | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | above board | honest and open |
| 2. | all at sea | completely confused |
| 3. | all hands on deck | everyone must help immediately |
| 4. | any port in a storm | any help is welcome in trouble |
| 5. | as the crow flies | in a straight line |
| 6. | at sea | confused; not understanding |
| 7. | back and fill | vacillate; change direction |
| 8. | batten down the hatches | prepare for trouble |
| 9. | be in the doldrums | feel low and inactive |
| 10. | big fish | important person in a group |
| 11. | bitter end | the very last moment |
| 12. | by and large | generally; on the whole |
| 13. | carry too much sail | take on too much |
| 14. | cast off | leave; set out |
| 15. | clear the decks | prepare for action |
| 16. | come on board | join a group or plan |
| 17. | cut and run | leave quickly to avoid trouble |
| 18. | cut of one’s jib | someone’s style or character |
| 19. | davy jones’s locker | the bottom of the sea |
| 20. | dead in the water | unable to move or progress |
| 21. | deep six | get rid of completely |
| 22. | down the hatch | drink it |
| 23. | drop anchor | settle in one place |
| 24. | drop the pilot | remove a leader or guide |
| 25. | even keel | steady and balanced |
| 26. | fair winds and following seas | good luck and safe travel |
| 27. | fathom out | understand something complex |
| 28. | fish or cut bait | decide and act now |
| 29. | fish out of water | uncomfortable in surroundings |
| 30. | flotsam and jetsam | useless odds and ends |
| 31. | full steam ahead | proceed with maximum effort |
| 32. | get one’s sea legs | adapt to a new situation |
| 33. | give a wide berth | keep a safe distance |
| 34. | go by the board | be discarded or lost |
| 35. | go down with the ship | stay loyal to the end |
| 36. | go overboard | do something excessively |
| 37. | hand over fist | very quickly and steadily |
| 38. | hard a-starboard | turn sharply right |
| 39. | have a whale of a time | have a great time |
| 40. | heave-ho | a coordinated effort |
| 41. | high and dry | left stranded or helpless |
| 42. | hit the high seas | go out to sea |
| 43. | in deep water | in serious trouble |
| 44. | in the offing | likely to happen soon |
| 45. | in the same boat | in the same situation |
| 46. | in the wake of | following as a result |
| 47. | keel over | collapse or faint |
| 48. | keep a weather eye | watch carefully for trouble |
| 49. | keep afloat | manage to survive financially |
| 50. | keep one’s head above water | avoid being overwhelmed |
| 51. | keep the ship afloat | keep something functioning |
| 52. | know the ropes | understand how things work |
| 53. | like ships in the night | pass without connecting |
| 54. | loose cannon | unpredictable dangerous person |
| 55. | lower the boom | punish or act forcefully |
| 56. | make a clean sweep | remove everything or everyone |
| 57. | make port | reach a safe place |
| 58. | make sternway | move backward; retreat |
| 59. | make waves | cause trouble or change |
| 60. | miss the boat | lose an opportunity |
| 61. | muddy the waters | make something more confusing |
| 62. | nail one’s colors to the mast | declare loyalty openly |
| 63. | no room to swing a cat | very little space |
| 64. | not the only fish in the sea | other options exist |
| 65. | old salt | an experienced sailor |
| 66. | on an even keel | stable and balanced |
| 67. | on board | in agreement; participating |
| 68. | on the rocks | in serious trouble |
| 69. | on the same tack | following the same approach |
| 70. | out of one’s depth | beyond one’s ability |
| 71. | pipe down | be quiet |
| 72. | plain sailing | easy progress |
| 73. | push the boat out | spend more than usual |
| 74. | rock the boat | cause trouble; upset stability |
| 75. | run a tight ship | manage very strictly |
| 76. | run aground | get stuck; fail |
| 77. | run before the wind | go with prevailing forces |
| 78. | sail close to the wind | take risks; bend rules |
| 79. | sail through | succeed easily |
| 80. | sailing under false colors | pretending to be something else |
| 81. | sea change | a major transformation |
| 82. | set sail | begin a journey |
| 83. | ship has sailed | the chance is gone |
| 84. | shipshape and Bristol fashion | neat and in good order |
| 85. | sink or swim | succeed or fail by yourself |
| 86. | smooth sailing | easy progress |
| 87. | steady as she goes | continue steadily |
| 88. | take the wind out of one’s sails | reduce confidence or momentum |
| 89. | trim one’s sails | adjust plans to conditions |
| 90. | turn the tide | reverse a situation |
| 91. | uncharted waters | an unfamiliar situation |
| 92. | under full sail | moving at top speed |
| 93. | under one’s own steam | by one’s own power |
| 94. | under sail | traveling by sail power |
| 95. | under the weather | feeling ill |
| 96. | up the creek | in serious trouble |
| 97. | water off a duck’s back | criticism that doesn’t affect you |
| 98. | water under the bridge | past events no longer important |
| 99. | watered-down | made weaker or less effective |
| 100. | weather the storm | survive a difficult time |
100 Ways to Say “You can do it”
| No. | Item | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Aim high—you’ve got this | Set big goals; you can succeed. |
| 2. | All you need is a start | Starting is enough to succeed. |
| 3. | Assemble your courage | Gather bravery and proceed. |
| 4. | Attack it head-on | Face it directly and act. |
| 5. | Believe in yourself | Have confidence you’ll succeed. |
| 6. | Believe you can | Have confidence you’ll succeed. |
| 7. | Bring it on | You’re ready to face it. |
| 8. | Buckle down and do it | Focus and get it done. |
| 9. | Carry it over the line | Finish it successfully. |
| 10. | Come on—you can do this | Encouragement to succeed. |
| 11. | Crush this | Do it extremely well. |
| 12. | Dig deep | Find extra strength to continue. |
| 13. | Do it—you’re ready | You’re prepared to succeed. |
| 14. | Do what you do best | Use your strengths to succeed. |
| 15. | Do your best | Try hard; you can succeed. |
| 16. | Don’t back down | Stand firm; you can succeed. |
| 17. | Don’t doubt yourself | Believe in yourself; succeed. |
| 18. | Don’t give up | Persist; you can succeed. |
| 19. | Don’t lose heart | Stay hopeful; you can succeed. |
| 20. | Don’t quit | Persist; you can succeed. |
| 21. | Drive it home | Complete it decisively. |
| 22. | Earn that win | Achieve success through effort. |
| 23. | End strong | Finish with strength and success. |
| 24. | Face it—you’ve got this | Confront it; you can succeed. |
| 25. | Finish strong | End well; you can succeed. |
| 26. | Follow through | Complete it; you can succeed. |
| 27. | Get after it | Start working hard now. |
| 28. | Get it done | Complete the task successfully. |
| 29. | Give it a shot | Try; you can succeed. |
| 30. | Give it your best | Try hard; you can succeed. |
| 31. | Go all in | Commit fully; you can succeed. |
| 32. | Go for it | Try it; you can succeed. |
| 33. | Hang in there | Endure; you can succeed. |
| 34. | Have faith in yourself | Trust yourself to succeed. |
| 35. | Hold your head high | Stay confident; you can succeed. |
| 36. | I believe in you | I trust your ability to succeed. |
| 37. | I know you can handle it | I’m sure you can manage. |
| 38. | I know you’ve got this | I’m sure you can succeed. |
| 39. | I’m confident you can | I’m sure you can succeed. |
| 40. | I’ve got faith in you | I trust you will succeed. |
| 41. | Keep at it | Persist; you can succeed. |
| 42. | Keep going | Continue; you can succeed. |
| 43. | Keep moving forward | Continue; you can succeed. |
| 44. | Keep pushing | Persist strongly; you can succeed. |
| 45. | Keep your chin up | Stay positive; you can succeed. |
| 46. | Keep your nerve | Stay calm and confident. |
| 47. | Knock it out | Finish it quickly and well. |
| 48. | Make it happen | Turn it into a success. |
| 49. | Nail it | Do it perfectly. |
| 50. | Outwork it | Beat it through hard work. |
| 51. | Own it | Take control and succeed. |
| 52. | See it through | Finish it; you can succeed. |
| 53. | Stay bold | Be bold; you can succeed. |
| 54. | Stay brave | Be brave; you can succeed. |
| 55. | Stay confident | Be confident; you can succeed. |
| 56. | Stay determined | Be determined; you can succeed. |
| 57. | Stay focused | Keep focus; you can succeed. |
| 58. | Stay positive | Be positive; you can succeed. |
| 59. | Stay steady | Be steady; you can succeed. |
| 60. | Stay strong | Be strong; you can succeed. |
| 61. | Stay the course | Keep going; you can succeed. |
| 62. | Stick with it | Persist; you can succeed. |
| 63. | Take it in stride | Handle it calmly and succeed. |
| 64. | Take it on | Accept it; you can succeed. |
| 65. | Take it one step at a time | Proceed gradually; you can succeed. |
| 66. | Trust yourself | Believe in yourself; succeed. |
| 67. | You can do this | You are able to succeed. |
| 68. | You can handle it | You can manage this situation. |
| 69. | You can make it | You can succeed and get through. |
| 70. | You have the skills | You have the ability needed. |
| 71. | You have what it takes | You have the needed ability. |
| 72. | You were made for this | You’re well-suited to succeed. |
| 73. | You’re acing it | You’re doing it perfectly. |
| 74. | You’re almost there | You’re close to succeeding. |
| 75. | You’re built for this | You’re well-suited to succeed. |
| 76. | You’re capable | You have the ability. |
| 77. | You’re closer than you think | You’re nearer to success than you realize. |
| 78. | You’re crushing it | You’re doing very well. |
| 79. | You’re doing great | You’re succeeding; keep going. |
| 80. | You’re getting there | You’re making progress to success. |
| 81. | You’re killing it | You’re doing extremely well. |
| 82. | You’re made for this | You’re suited to succeed. |
| 83. | You’re making it happen | You’re succeeding through effort. |
| 84. | You’re making progress | You’re moving toward success. |
| 85. | You’re more than capable | You are very able. |
| 86. | You’re nailing it | You’re doing it very well. |
| 87. | You’re nearly there | You’re close to succeeding. |
| 88. | You’re on the right track | You’re progressing toward success. |
| 89. | You’re ready for this | You are prepared to succeed. |
| 90. | You’re rocking it | You’re doing very well. |
| 91. | You’re smarter than you think | You have more ability than you realize. |
| 92. | You’re stronger than you think | You have more strength than you realize. |
| 93. | You’re the one for it | You can handle this. |
| 94. | You’re the right person | You can do this well. |
| 95. | You’re tougher than you think | You have more toughness than you realize. |
| 96. | You’re up for it | You’re ready to take it on. |
| 97. | You’re up to it | You can handle the challenge. |
| 98. | You’ve got the skills | You have the ability needed. |
| 99. | You’ve got this | You are capable of succeeding. |
| 100. | You’ve got what it takes | You have the needed ability. |
100 Words to Use Instead of “Delivery”
| No. | Term | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Acceptance | Act of receiving something offered. |
| 2. | Allocation | Assigning portions to recipients. |
| 3. | Arrival | Coming to a destination. |
| 4. | Assignment | Task handed over to someone. |
| 5. | Bestowal | Giving something as a gift. |
| 6. | Bringing | Carrying something to a place. |
| 7. | Broadcast | Sending content to many recipients. |
| 8. | Brokerage | Arranging transfer between parties. |
| 9. | Checkout | Completion of purchase and handover. |
| 10. | Circulation | Movement among people or places. |
| 11. | Communication | Sending information between parties. |
| 12. | Conferment | Official granting of something. |
| 13. | Consignment | Goods sent to an agent or buyer. |
| 14. | Conveyance | Act of transporting or carrying. |
| 15. | Couriering | Transport by courier service. |
| 16. | Deployment | Sending resources into position. |
| 17. | Despatch | Sending off promptly. |
| 18. | Discharge | Releasing or issuing from custody. |
| 19. | Dispensation | Giving out or distributing. |
| 20. | Dissemination | Spreading information widely. |
| 21. | Distribution | Sharing out among recipients. |
| 22. | Drop | Act of leaving or depositing. |
| 23. | Drop-off | Leaving something at a location. |
| 24. | Egress | Exit or going out. |
| 25. | Emission | Sending out or releasing. |
| 26. | Enactment | Carrying out or performing. |
| 27. | Entrustment | Handing over with responsibility. |
| 28. | Execution | Carrying out a plan or order. |
| 29. | Expedition | Prompt sending; speedy dispatch. |
| 30. | Export | Sending goods abroad. |
| 31. | Forwarding | Sending onward to another place. |
| 32. | Fulfilling | Completing an order or request. |
| 33. | Furnishing | Supplying what is needed. |
| 34. | Gift-giving | Presenting something as a gift. |
| 35. | Granting | Giving or allowing formally. |
| 36. | Hand-off | Transfer from one person to another. |
| 37. | Handing over | Passing something to another. |
| 38. | Handoff | Transfer at a specific point. |
| 39. | Handover | Formal transfer of control or items. |
| 40. | Imparting | Giving information or knowledge. |
| 41. | Import | Bringing goods into a country. |
| 42. | Intake | Receiving into a system. |
| 43. | Issuance | Official providing or sending out. |
| 44. | Issuing | Giving out officially. |
| 45. | Journey | Travel from one place to another. |
| 46. | Kickoff | Start of a rollout or release. |
| 47. | Launch | Start of sending or releasing. |
| 48. | Lodgement | Placing or depositing for keeping. |
| 49. | Logistics | Planning movement and distribution. |
| 50. | Mailing | Sending by post. |
| 51. | Makeover | Reworked presentation or output. |
| 52. | Manifestation | Making something evident or present. |
| 53. | Merchandising | Supplying goods for sale. |
| 54. | Migration | Movement from one place to another. |
| 55. | Mission | Assigned task or sending purposefully. |
| 56. | Movement | Act of moving from place to place. |
| 57. | Notification | Act of informing someone. |
| 58. | Offer | Presenting something for acceptance. |
| 59. | Order fulfillment | Processing and sending an order. |
| 60. | Output | What is produced and sent out. |
| 61. | Outreach | Effort to reach others. |
| 62. | Passage | Act of passing through or along. |
| 63. | Passing on | Giving to someone else. |
| 64. | Performance | Manner of presenting or executing. |
| 65. | Pickup | Collecting something for transport. |
| 66. | Placement | Putting something in a position. |
| 67. | Posting | Sending via mail or online. |
| 68. | Presentation | Act of presenting to an audience. |
| 69. | Provision | Supplying what is required. |
| 70. | Provisioning | Supplying with needed items. |
| 71. | Publication | Making content publicly available. |
| 72. | Receipt | Act of receiving something. |
| 73. | Receiving | Taking something that is given. |
| 74. | Release | Making something available or free. |
| 75. | Remittance | Sending money to someone. |
| 76. | Rendering | Providing a service or performance. |
| 77. | Reporting | Sending information or an account. |
| 78. | Rollout | Planned release to users. |
| 79. | Routing | Directing along a chosen path. |
| 80. | Send-off | Act of sending away. |
| 81. | Service | Providing help or work to others. |
| 82. | Shipment | Goods sent by transport. |
| 83. | Shipping | Transporting goods to a destination. |
| 84. | Showcasing | Presenting prominently to others. |
| 85. | Sign-off | Formal approval or completion notice. |
| 86. | Submission | Presenting for review or decision. |
| 87. | Supply | Providing what is needed. |
| 88. | Supply chain | Network moving goods to users. |
| 89. | Surrender | Giving up or handing over. |
| 90. | Tender | Offer formally for acceptance. |
| 91. | Transfer | Moving from one person or place. |
| 92. | Transmission | Sending signals, data, or power. |
| 93. | Transport | Carrying people or goods. |
| 94. | Trucking | Transporting goods by truck. |
| 95. | Turn-in | Handing in for assessment or keeping. |
| 96. | Turnover | Handing over control or possession. |
| 97. | Unloading | Removing goods from a vehicle. |
| 98. | Uplift | Picking up for transport. |
| 99. | Upload | Sending data to a server. |
| 100. | Utterance | Spoken expression; act of saying. |





